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The question of Turkey’s possible integration with Europe has been under discussion for decades and is one of the most problematic issues in post-war European history. Turkey was one of the founders of the Council of Europe in 1949, has been an “associate member” of the EEC since 1964, and officially applied for EU membership on April 14, 1987, but was only granted candidate status 12 years later, at the Helsinki Summit in 1999. Following the Brussels summit of December 17, 2004, accession negotiations with Turkey began on October 3, 2005. Turkey appears to have harmonized its laws with those of the EU…

On December 6, 2023, the Intergovernmental Turkmen-Turkish Commission on Economic Cooperation held a meeting in Ashgabat. The participants focused their attention on the prospects of Turkmen gas supplies to Turkey via Iran.  Prior to this event, Turkmenistan had expressed its intention to expand gas exports to the West during the Summit of the Organization of Turkic States, which was announced by the Chairman of the Halk Maslakhaty of the Milli Gengesh of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, who acted as an observer. Incidentally, Trans-Caspian supply routes were mentioned at that time…

In 1991, Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to recognize Uzbekistan as a new independent Central Asian republic, marking a significant milestone in the modern history of relations between the two nations. During the 1990s and 2010s, the two countries cooperated on several occasions. One notable example is Uzbekistan’s active participation in so-called mosque diplomacy, which involved the construction of religious sites in several states with large Muslim communities, funded by Saudi Arabia…