Economy

Pragmatism has long been the backbone of the Japanese presence in Central Asia, expressed in billions of dollars in direct bilateral financial assistance and multilateral financing through the Asian Development Bank and other financial institutions. However, Japan has not yet learned how to firmly convert the returns on financial and other assistance provided...

Just as decades ago, coal remains a strategically important fuel for the world. Despite the constant talk of greenhouse gas emissions and the complete phase-out of coal, the disappearance of this fuel from the market would lead to the collapse of the global economy. It is quite natural that the world’s four major coal consumers, China, India, the USA, and Japan are among...

When the mass withdrawal of coal use in countries following green policies began, many experts predicted that this fuel would soon be forgotten entirely. Its extraction and exports would cease to be profitable for the countries implementing them. Even then, it seemed unlikely because “developed” countries such as all Western countries...